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| drh. Imbang Dwi Rahayu, MKes (Photo: Istimewa) |
DOSEN of the Faculty of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, University of Muhammadiyah Malang (UMM), drh. Imbang Dwi Rahayu, MKes. she managed to find an effective formula for improving broiler performance through Lempuyang Gajah Extract (Zingiber zerumbet L. Smith). The research was contained in her doctoral dissertation, which was tested on Saturday, 8 August 2020. Imbang carried the dissertation title "The Potential of Elephant Lempuyang Extract (Zingiber zerumbet L. Smith) as a Feed Additive: Efforts to Control Salmonellosis to Improve Performance and Health of Broiler Chickens."
The pathogenic bacteria Salmonella causes increased cases of Salmonellosis. Enteritidis (S. enteritidis) in broiler chickens has been economically detrimental to the poultry industry because of the consequences of growth disorders, decreased productivity, increased number of culled chickens, and increased sensitivity of chickens to other diseases. Salmonellosis is also essential for public health because livestock products contaminated with Salmonella sp can cause foodborne illness in humans. The products will be destroyed, resulting in farms losing business opportunities.
Prevention of Salmonellosis with the use of Antibiotic Growth Promoters (AGP) as feed additives has caused more significant problems, namely increased bacterial resistance to antibiotics, increased Salmonellosis outbreaks, bacterial contamination of poultry products as well as the cage and surrounding environment, foodborne diseases and antibiotic residues in products that threaten public health as consumers. "Regulation of the Minister of Agriculture of the Republic of Indonesia No. 14 / PERMENTAN / PK.350 / 5 / 2017 has officially banned the use of AGP for animal feed additives, where humans consume the products," said Imbang.
Experts continued Imbang, also proved the negative impact of AGP use in inhibiting the growth and colonization of beneficial gut bacteria, including Lactobacillus, Bifidobacteria, Boeteroides, and Enterococci, and increasing the resistance of Salmonella spp, including S. enteritidis and S. Typhimurium. Both Salmonella spp were successfully isolated from broiler meat and shown to be resistant to several antibiotics, including erythromycin, penicillin, and vancomycin, with a resistance rate of 100 percent. The case of Salmonella spp resistance impacts the increasingly difficult control of Salmonellosis disease in poultry, so bacteria often contaminate cages, drinking water, and feed.
"The potential wealth of Indonesian herbal plants can be an alternative to natural AGP substituents and can be used as a green product for controlling Salmonellosis in broiler chickens. Phytobiotics in herbs have various activities, besides being antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antihistamines, antioxidants, immunomodulators, and hepatoprotection, which can be extracted and used as feed additives," said Imbang.
One of the herbal alternatives is lempuyang Gajah (Zingiber zerumbet L. Smith). The rhizome part can be extracted with ethanol solvent so that the extracted probiotics can be used as a feed additive in powder form and mixed in broiler feed. The use of ethanol as a solvent refers to the results of previous research that ethanol is a suitable solvent for extracting active substances in Z. zerumbet in the form of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, and terpenoids.
Imbang's research showed that the best Z. zerumbet extract capable of inhibiting Salmonella spp was extracted with 95% ethanol solvent and an extract concentration of 10%, so this extract was used as a feed additive in experimental broiler feed. Based on the phytochemical screening test, the probiotics contained in the extract include alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, and terpenoids, while based on testing with Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS), the extract comprises Essential Oils (EOs), which are dominant in abundance, namely zerumbon, this compound belongs to the sesquiterpenoid group.
Imbang's research results show that adding Z. zerumbet extract at the level of 0.67% to 1% as a feed additive provides the highest efficacy in broilers with Salmonellosis. At this level, the section can inhibit S. enteritidis, which is deliberately infected in 10-day-old broilers, meaning that the activity of Z. zerumbet extracts as an antibacterial remains stable until the back digestive tract, namely the cecum, which is the place of colonization of S. enteritidis. "High efficacy will reduce contamination of S. enteritidis in feces to the environment, including cages, feed, water and carcasses, which suppresses cases of foodborne disease that will ensure food safety of poultry products for consumers," concluded Imbang. (cdr/riz/can)
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